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Deconstructive Responses in/on Ted Hughes "Theology"
By
Siswo Harsono
Abstract
In this paper, the writer tries to analyze a poem, entitled "Theology" written by Ted Hughes. The purpose of this writing is to analyze the deconstruction implied within the poem. This research uses deconstruction theory and methodology. In this chase, the poem deconstructs a religious myth of Adam into psychoanalytical reconstruction. It can be concluded that the poem deconstructs theological aspect of the myth into psychological one.Keywords: Theology, deconstruction, psychoanalysis
1.
Introduction
"Theology"
written by Ted Hughes is a unique poem. The title of the poem implies
the question of the divinity that is theology. The subject matter of
the poem deals with the myth of Adam and Eve in paradise. Its
association is not located on the prevalence of these myths but on
its deconstruction. The problem of deconstruction is the subject
of this study.
2.
Theory and Methodology
This
study uses the theories and methods of deconstruction that are
applied to the poem "Theology" by Ted Hughes, in the triad
of construction-deconstruction-reconstruction. In the realm of
construction, the study is focused on religious myth. In the realm of
deconstruction it is focused on the poem. And in the realm of the
reconstruction it is focused on interpretation.
Christopher
Norris in his book, Deconstruction:
Theory and Practice (2002: xii) defines
deconstruction as follows.
Deconstruction
is a constant reminder of the etymological link between 'crisis' and
'criticism'. It makes manifest the fact that any radical shift of
interpretive thought must always come up against the limits of the
seeming absurdity.
Deconstruction
is a form of philosophical and literary analysis is mainly derived
from Of Grammatology
(1967) by Jacques Derrida. Deconstruction major effect on European
and American academics, especially in the debate about ontology,
epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, hermeneutics, and the philosophy of
language, as well as the influence of architecture, music, art, and
art criticism. Deconstruction deny the possibility of the presence of
pure and thus also denies the essential meaning or intrinsic and
stable of "reality". As a system of signs, language is only
a difference. Words have meaning only because of the contrast with
other words. The first task of deconstruction is to reveal how the
opposition operates in literary texts to cancel the opposition. But
Derrida argues that it is not enough to expose and deconstruct how
the opposition works and how meanings and values generated, but the
deconstruction of the need to create a new term, not to synthesize
the concept of opposition, but to mark the difference. This explains
why Derrida always propose a new term in his deconstruction, as pure
needs analysis ("Deconstruction": par 1-4).
Derrida's
methods show all forms and types of semiotic complexity by doing a
thoroughly careful, sensitive, yet transformational reading on
philosophical and literary texts. Deconstruction shows the inhibition
of the meaning of the text to point to contradictions and internal
opposition. It is an approach that can be used in philosophy,
literary analysis, and even in the analysis of the scientific
literature. Deconstruction tries to show that the text is not
entirely discrete but contains some meaning irreconcilable and
contradictory, has more than one interpretation. Derrida initially
resisted giving the term "deconstruction," but ultimately
accept the term in common usage to refer to the textual approach, and
Derrida himself increasingly began to use the term in a more general
way ("Deconstruction": par 5-7).
Methodologically,
deconstruction is associated with construction and then reconstructed
to triadic forms of construction-deconstruction-reconstruction. In
this paper the method of deconstruction is done to examine the
mythological construction, poetic deconstruction and psychoanalytic
reconstruction of "Theology" by Ted Hughes. Methodical
steps undertaken are as follows.
1. Examine carefully the text with readings (close reading) to the poem "Theology".2. Researching mythological construction that made allusions in poem.3. Examining the poetic deconstruction contained in the poem.4. Examining the psychoanalytic reconstruction of the poem
Reconstruction
of psychoanalytic research is concerned with the issue of
Psycho-biology contained in "Theology" by Ted Hughes,
especially with phallic symbols.
The
subject of psychoanalytic Symbolism is vast and, Contrary to popular
ideas, not all psychoanalytic symbols are necessarily sexual.
According to Freud, dream-symbols refer to 'the human body as a
whole, parents, children, brothers and sisters, birth, death,
nakedness'. Sex, however, is of cardinal importance to
psychoanalysts, and Sexual Symbolism (especially the Symbolism of the
gay male genitalia) has preoccupied a large number of practitioners
(Sengoopta, 2001: par 2).
3.
Research Object
The
objects of research are sorted into a material object and formal
object. Material object of this study is "Theology" by Ted
Hughes. Formal object of this research is a form of deconstruction
contained in the poem.
4.
Biography and Poetry
4.1
Biography of Ted Hughes
Ted
Hughes (1930-1998) was born in the small village of Mytholmroyd,
Yorkshire. After finishing elementary school he spent two years in
the Royal Air Force, stationed in a remote radio station in Yorkshire
where he spent most of his time reading. Although the move from
learning English majors to archeology and anthropology, he was still
voraciously reading and writing influenced by British novelist and
poet Robert Graves. After graduating in 1954, he spent two years
working in London, and then returned to Cambridge to start a literary
magazine with friends. He met with Sylvia Plath an American Fulbright
student and married later. They spent two years at the University of
Massachusetts at Amherst, 1957-1959, where he taught English and
creative writing. Both of them spent time to write poetry. By the
time they returned to England in 1959, he had begun to publish his
work. Their wedding had cracks. When Hughes started an affair with
another woman, leaving Plath, moved to London with their children,
and in 1963 she committed suicide. Hughes continued to write dozens
of books on various subjects and poetry that made him the most
prominent poet of his generation. In 1981, he was named a British
court poet. Book Birthday Letters
(1999) became an international best seller ("Ted Hughes
Biography" 2010: par 1-3).
4.2
Poetic Paraphrase
Theology by Ted Hughes
"No, the serpent did not
Seduce
Eve to the apple.
All
that's simply
Corruption
of the facts.
Adam ate the apple.
Eve
ate Adam.
The
serpent ate Eve.
This
is the dark intestine.
The serpent, meanwhile,
Sleeps
his meal off in Paradise -
Smiling
to hear
God's
querulous calling."
The poem tells that it was not the snake that attracted Eve at the apple. It was just a mere corruption of facts. As a matter of fact, Adam ate the apple, Eve ate Adam, and the snake ate Eve. This is a dark digestion. Meanwhile the snake slept in Heaven and smiled to hear God's calling.
5.
Discussion
Discussion
of "Theology" is focused on the aspects of mythological
construction, poetic deconstruction and psychoanalytic
reconstruction. The mythological construction of the poem deals with
the myth of Adam and Eve. The poetic deconstruction of the poem shows
the binary opposition between theological term used as the title of a
poem and psycho-biological issues as the content of the poem. Then,
based on the poetic deconstruction is performed the psychoanalytic
reconstruction of the poem.
5.1
Mythological Construction
The
mythological construction of "Theology" by Ted Hughes
refers to the myth of Adam and Eve who exist in Abrahamic religions
of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The mythology tells that Adam
and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden, the four rivers flowing into the
world. Garden of Eden is a fertile place that satisfy all the needs
of Adam and Eve. God only gives the restrictions of life in this
paradise: do not eat a fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and
evil. A sneaky snake in the garden persuaded Eve to eat the forbidden
fruit, and Adam tasted it, too. Both of them soon lose their
innocence. Ashamed of their nakedness, they covered themselves with
leaves. God saw that they did not obey Him and expelled them from the
Garden of Eden ("Adam and Eve": par 2-4).
Then Adam and Eve fell down from heaven to earth. They started to live and reproduce on earth.
Then Adam and Eve fell down from heaven to earth. They started to live and reproduce on earth.
The
myth of Adam and Eve in the scope of mythological construction of
"Theology" can be traced in the work of Gary Greenberg
especially the myth of the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge
of good and evil (2000: 48-53). The myth tells that the serpent
affects Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden fruit.
5.2
Poetic Deconstruction
The
mythological construction of Adam and Eve is poetically deconstructed
in "Theology" by Ted Hughes. The poem tells that the
serpent did not seduce Eve to eat the apple. It is just a mere fact
of corruption. The fact is that Adam ate the apple, Eve ate Adam, and
the Serpent ate Eve, which happened in the dark digestion. Then the
snake slept in Heaven, and smiled at the complaint calling from God.
The
poetic deconstruction shows the binary opposition between the
theology of human creation and the psycho-biological reproduction of
human birth. It is a mythological tale of fact corruption/fiction.
The fact imaged in the poem shows that it is the fruit of knowledge
forbidden apple. Adam ate the apple. Eve ate Adam. Then the snake ate
Eve. The events of meals refer to a dark digestion.
To
understand the mysterious events require reconstructions because it
is not just a
mere biological problem of eating. One of the reconstructions of the
poetic deconstruction of this research is a psychoanalytic
reconstruction.
5.3
Psychoanalytic Reconstruction
The
poetic deconstruction of the mythological construction of "Theology"
provides an opportunity to reconstruct a psychoanalytic
interpretation. The choice of psychoanalytic reconstruction is based
on sexual issues implied within the poetic deconstruction of the
psycho-biological issues, especially psycho-sexual assessment which
is the realm of psychoanalysis.
In
the theological realm, the myth of Adam and Eve is associated with
God's law about the commands and prohibitions. In the Garden of Eden,
Adam and Eve could eat everything but the fruit of the tree of
knowledge. Because of snake as the devil incarnation, they ate the
fruit. God punished and expelled them from the Garden of Eden,
descended to earth to live and reproduce in pain and pleasure. Thus
the myth is associated with the origin of human life and descent on
earth.
In
the realm of psychoanalysis snake is not the devil incarnation, but a
phallic symbol which refers to the penis like in the following
quotation.
In
religion, mythology, and literature, serpents and snakes often stand
for fertility or a creative life force-partly because the creatures
can be seen as symbols of the male sex organ ("Serpents and
Snakes": par 2).
In
other words, the snake's seduction is a boost of sexual desire for
sexual intercourse in the dark digestion (intestine), which is imaged
the poem as follows.
Adam
ate the apple.
Eve
ate Adam.
The
serpent ate Eve.
“Adam ate the apple” is a metaphor of the forbidden fruit of Eve's breasts. “Eve ate Adam” is a style of pars pro toto, that part of Eve's body eats the body of Adam. It refers to oral sex. “The serpent ate Eve” refers to genital sex. The snake is a symbol of Adam's penis, and a style of pars pro toto, that part of Eve's body is her vagina. In the biological realm, intercourse is a means of reproduction. In the psychological realm, intercourse is a means of fulfillment of love and lust.
Then
what happened after the incident imaged in the following quotation.
The
serpent, meanwhile,
Sleeps
his meal off in Paradise -
The serpent as a phallic symbol sleeps soundly in Paradise. In the theological realm, Paradise refers to a heavenly bliss. In the realm of psychoanalysis, heaven is a symbol of pleasure. The line is the image of sexual satisfaction so lust back subsides and sleeps in pleasure.
As
the result of the sexual pleasure that causes alignments of ego and
superego, the full system of spiritual values of Adam and Eve fall
into id that is filled with lust. It is the falling from the
theological realm down to the biological one. That leads to the
revelation of Adam and Eve from paradise to the world. Nevertheless,
lust still smiles at the heavenly calling of God's law as contained
in the following quotation.
Smiling
to hear
God's
querulous calling."
In this case, the myth of Adam and Eve is a hierophanic view of the events of human creation that is theological. The poem is a propane perspective on human reproduction referring to the psycho-biological process.
6.
Conclusion
"Theology"
a poem written by Ted Hughes is a poetic deconstruction of the
mythological construction in Abrahamic religions. The poem
deconstructs theological issues in the myth of Adam and Eve into
psychoanalytic problems. By using the analytical deconstruction it
seems that the myth of Adam and Eve is a view of theological events
of human creation. The poem is a propane perspective on human
reproduction that refers to the psycho-biological process.
In
theology, heaven referring to hereafter life is psychoanalytically
deconstructed into desire. In theology, the serpent referring to
devilish symbol is psychoanalytically deconstructed into phallic
symbol. The forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge in the myth is
biologically deconstructed into the apples, which psychoanalytically
refer to breasts as a means of reproduction and erotic zone of oral
phase. The serpent refers to erotic zone of genital phase. Digestion
in the darkness refers to sexual intercourse. It can be concluded
that the poem deconstructs the myth of human creation into
psycho-biological reproduction of human birth.
References
“Adam
and Eve” in Myths Encyclopedia. <http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/A-Am/Adam-and-Eve.html> (18
Desember 2014).
“Deconstruction”
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Desember 2014).
“Serpents
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http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Sa-Sp/Serpents-and-Snakes.htmlhttp://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Sa-Sp/Serpents-and-Snakes.html>
(20 Desember 2014).
“Ted
Hughes Biography” in Famous Poets and Poems. 2006-2010.
<http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/ted_hughes/biographyhttp://famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/ted_hughes/biography> (18
Desember 2014).
Freud,
S. (1900/1953). The interpretation of dreams. In The
standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund
Freud,
Vols 4, 5 (ed. J. Strachey et
al.).
Hogarth Press, London.
Greenberg,
Gary. 101 Myths of the Bible. Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc.,
2000.
Hughes,
Ted. “Theology” in Famous Poets and Poems. 2006-2010.
<http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/ted_hughes/poems/13808>
(18 Desember 2014).
Norris,
Christopher. Deconstruction: Theory and Practice. 3rd
Ed. New York: Routletge, 2002.
Sengoopta,
Chandak. “Phallic Symbol” in Encyclopedia.com. 2001.
<http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O128-phallicsymbol.htmlhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O128-phallicsymbol.html> (20
Desember 2014).
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